School Uniforms Essay Example for Free

naturalize Uniforms EssayUniforms in the aim Environment Can Clothing Re totallyy Effect Your gentility? Going to public trains all my life, I heard the gossip of fashion and whose wearing what,pretty much everyday at least in the four geezerhood of blue aim where it seeed that looks mattered the most. As populate grow up, the way they present themselves becomes more(prenominal) and more important. Leaving a vertical mark in high take aim means a lot to many people, and some be ready to do whatever it takes to make that mark, whether it be putting soulfulness work through for their tog or being an single(a) and not caring what new(prenominal)s think of you or what your wearing. Having friends from middle nurture that branched out and went the alternative route head-to-head develops, adept of the first things that came back to me from them was how much easier it was to having a analogous to wear to indoctrinate. Going to a school where renders argon st rictly en motord place suffice to create a better learning environment. Having uniforms would call for a lot less distraction in the classroom, thither would be much more prison term for homework and there would not be as many problems concerning the wear of inappropriate clothing to take away from school duration.A quote from the essay, The effect of Desire, by Richard Rodriguez fits particularly well in this essay. Get all the education you passel, with an education you can do anything. This just doesnt seem deal the main stem to many kids anymore and I think that uniforms would help to mold that thought back into a lot of our heads. I know that the view of wearing a uniform repulses many people, still when broken down, school uniforms really do seem like the way to go.If it was a requirement to wear a uniform to school, there would be many more kids paying attention in classes. Looking around the classroom at what other kids are wearing is a great way to make time f ly by. If everyone was wearing the same things, then the distraction of different clothing would be eliminated. Many people mystify that uniforms would take away the opportunity for kids to be who they are or who they demand to be, but I olfaction as though wearing uniforms would simply force kids to show their individualism in shipway outside of fashion and appearance.When looking at an Opinion Board on the internet I came across the idea that visually uniforms result in a more equal and adult treatment of students, eliminating any idea that one student is being favored everyplace another. Visually, all students were equal. They appeared equal which resulted in more equal treatment from both peers and t apieceers alike. When a student looks present up to(p), they ordain not only be treated as a student, but as an equal, which I feel both students and teachers would benefit from.In the essay, The ? Banking Concept of Education, pen by Paulo Freire, there were two types of edu cation discussed. Bankingeducation and Problem-Posing education. Banking education was looked at with the idea that the teacher was the higher power and the student was simply an object where as in Problem-Posing education, the teacher and students both taught and learned the information to starther. Uniforms would help bring Problem-Posing teaching back into the classrooms of many schools.There would in like manner be a large drop in the amount of teasing that goes on in school. When I asked my old roommate, Maureen Brillante, who attended Sacred Heart Academy astir(predicate) the benefits of going to a school with uniforms, one of the first things she said was that it pr counterbalancets peoples feelings from being hurt since everyone is wearing the same thing. There is a lot less gossip intimately clothes and it is much harder to judge people when everyone looks the same. The atmosphere around the whole school just seems brighter that way, she said with a big smile on her face .Having gone to an elementary school that did not fetch uniforms, Maureen experienced both worlds and found uniforms make high school that much easier to get through. Decisions, Decisions. Should I go home and get my homework done or should I go to the mall and get those new shoes I saw online the other day? Uniforms would help to eliminate one of these decisions. If you had to wear a uniform to school, whitethornbe you would not be in such a rush to go buy the latest clothing, after all, you really cant even wear it to school. This gives a student more time for homework and theatreing.A great deal of studying and focusing is needed to succeed in school, which Richard Rodriguez emphasizes greatly in his essay The Achievement of Desire. The boy needs to spend more and more time studying, each night enclosing himself in the silence permitted and required by intense concentration. Without this concentration Rodriguez speaks of, a students regularizes are bound to suffer. Another benefit of uniforms is that you will save money be work you wont be buying half the amount of clothes that you normally would be if you did not need to wear a uniform. This idea didnt even cross my mind until my interview withMaureen. In the long pack, you really start to save money. A few outfits for the weekends are all you really need, and unless the school changes uniforms while youre there, you can pretty much wear your same uniform for as long as you can fit into it. There is alike a lot more time in the mornings to wake up and draw a healthy eat because you dont have to worry about picking out an outfit to wear. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and I can say that there were many occasions where I skipped breakfast simply because I was running late and picking out clothes seemed to be the bigger picture at that time.I know when I was in high school, some girls came to school late or didnt come at all because they couldnt find an outfit they precious to wear . Ridiculous? I think so. What did the wearing of school uniforms accomplish? It directly interfered with gangs, gang colors, gang associations, gang affiliations that tended to have more control over the students than all teachers or parents . . . School uniforms did away with such extra curricular activities as thievery. It is not uncommon for the police to receive calls from irate parents regarding their childs loss of an expensive clothing article.School uniformity focuses the attention on where it belongs donnishs. You can find the important point that uniforms create less of a boundary to cross when it comes to what kids wear to school on the Holden Police Department web page. There are fewer rules at a school with uniforms simply because the section labeled Dress law is both nonexistent or simply a brief section on how to wear your uniform properly. Gangs are brought into schools by the gangs members wearing their colors or their logos on their clothing.This brings toget her two worlds that just should never meet. Although I dont hear much about it these days, uniforms would give kids fewer things to want to steal in high school. Whether it be in the locker room or in lost-and-found, kids would be more honest, because who really wants to steal someone elses uniform? There would as well be less shoplifting because kids would have enough money to buy the few outfits they need to wear outside of school. Sex-exploitation is another study that would be eliminated with uniforms.Girls would not be allowed to wear such skimpy outfits to school, distracting less people, and creating better reputations for everyone. Less time would be washed-out in the schools main office and more time would be put into being in the classroom. Kids would have fewer ways to get detentions or even expulsion because inappropriate clothing would no long exist. Forcing kids to find other ways to show their individuality would compel kids to think more about whom they are and n ot so much about what they wear.Although it may look as if its the cool thing to wear all the latest styles and be up on fashion, does it really seem worth it to risk acquire simply an ok education? Where are those priorities of school work and studying for a test when you are out shopping at the mall? In the end it really does make the most superstar to simply suck up the idea of wearing the same thing as every other girl or boy at your school and leave with a better education, and a better spirit of seeing people for what and who they really are not what they are or arent wearing.Imagining the idea of a school that one does not have to worry about what kids will say about their outfits, about whether or not what they are wearing is appropriate for school grounds or getting to the mall after school to buy that new perspirer they saw in the AF catalogue (which means blowing off that tutoring secession they had to help raise their math grade), seems so far from reality and all tha t I knew in high school, yet at the same time seems like the ideal way to spend those four important days of high school, those four years in which all of your hard work pays off and gets you accepted into the number one college of your choice.That sounds like the perfect four years of high school to me.School Uniforms Essay Example for Free School Uniforms EssayA assemblage of small boys and girls all warring the same colored uniforms assembled in front of a catholic school is what I imagine when thinking about school uniforms. This is probably what most people imagine. They have been attached to students of European and private schools. such(prenominal) pictures of students fareing in school uniforms have led to stereotyping and a negative attitude towards schools enforcing a uniform polity. Displayed as robots without the ability to express them selves in a night club that says you mustiness express yourself and be an individual at all cost. The problem is that the cost to express yourself and be an individual is high in some cases, in Detroit, a 15-year-old boy was killed for his $86 basketball shoes (Tweeters 1997). I believe that cost is to high, it would be better to be laughed at and teased about warring a nerdy uniform, than to be shot by some gang member that did not like the color of the pants Im warring. School uniforms have been the cause of many jokes and harassment to those who wore them. In the past, public schools considered uniforms old and out dated trends, though recently many public schools are starting to implement and go for a uniform policy.The implementation of a school uniform policy is important if we are still striving to amend our students. The arguments against them are fading while the convinced(p) reasons are promoting school uniforms and gaining ground. Some of the possible benefits are safety, cost, uniformity and competition in academics instead of fashions. The main argument against them is the need for students to express their individual selves this argument is losing ground compared to the benefits of the uniform policy. Today many public schools are mandating and enforcing school uniforms for their students.San Antonio School district requires all 60,000 of its students to wear uniforms over 60% of beef up Worths elementary schools require their students to ware uniforms (Radcliffe 1999). In 1995, the Texas legislature gave public school districts the authority to require uniforms under Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. (Appendix A). The law and is a voluntary law schools are not required to have a uniform policy. A Dallas attorney Domingo Garcia has filed a proposed legislation that would make it mandatary to wear uniforms in Grades k-12 in Texas (Ramos 1997).The first fundamental issue that school board officials and law makers should look at before they make new policies and laws concerning school uniforms is, will these new laws and policies have a positive imp act on students overall performance. This would not be limited to academic performances only but should also include other socially learned behavior that will enhance the students ability to conform to the social norms needed to be successful in todays high society. plenty for uniforms say that the academic performance has been and will increase by having the students ware them (Caruso 1996).A lessened degree of attention and concern with fashion will enable a better condition for serious study, as well as lesson the cultural and economic challenges of students and parents. (Cohn 1996, Paliokos 1996) Nathan Minster, a seventh grader at Country Day of Arlington said, Uniforms post a better educational atmosphere, and symbolize school spirit. If all students dress alike, their attention will not focus on Johnnys new Tommy Hilfiger outfit. (Teeters 1996). Any incident that does not promote the improvement of students in school should be looked at and studied to find ways to chan ge the situation.There are no positive aspects to worrying about not having the money to buy the coolest and newest fashions. Would it not be better to strive and worry about who can get the best grade or do the best science project. Is the reduction of horror going to help improve our students? We must agree that there is no part of our students lives that can be improved by the atmosphere of crime. We need to ask the question, What ought to be? When it comes to school and crime. How to deal with crime is one of the ethical questions all school administrators and lawmakers must address and act on accordingly.The statistics say that schools having a school uniform policy have seen a decrease in crime. Long Beach incorporate School District was the first large urban school district in the United States to require school uniforms. They have seen substantial decreases in crime in the past five years since they have required uniforms. One incredible reduction was that sex offenses hav e decreased 93%. (Appendix B). The cost of implementing a uniform policy must also be looked at closely. The fact that all students have different degrees of economic status requires us to address this matter.If a student cannot afford uniforms would they not be able to go to school. Would it be better to have them spend all their money on uniforms so they could go to school, but because of that they dont have the money to participate in after school sports or social events. Maybe they would spend the money on uniforms instead of nutritious food, which could affect their health. The current Texas law does provide ways of providing uniforms for students who cannot afford to buy them. (Appendix A). The Long Beach Unified School District has privately funded over $160,000 for care to disadvantaged students.By doing this they have not put any financial burden on the taxpayers. The cost can be high, as it has been for the San Antonio School district, which has spent about $500,000 to o utfit 90% of their students (Radcliffe 1999). Unlike Long Beach School District, San Antonios uniform policy has cost the taxpayers a lot of money. They ought to look at ways of reducing the cost to taxpayers, possible private funding from companies that participate in philanthropic programs. What are the ethical concerns for schools considering school uniforms?The nation has implemented school uniforms in about 25 percent of the public elementary, middle, and junior high schools according to the (California School News March 31,1997). The general improvements of the students who attend schools that requiring them to ware uniforms has shown an improvement. I can conclude from the improvements that we ought to have 100 percent of public schools starting uniform policies. I dont believe that waiting for years of research and study on this issue will change the outcome.Students are moving through school fast and to wait for years to go by before making this a policy can only lesson the improvement chances of the students who are currently in school. The motivation of this issue is not to infringe on students rights or burden parents with extra cost, but to simply improve the students. Do students have rights as part of the American populous? If so, what are there rights? Do they even have the right to submit to go or not to go to school, or is this, the rights of the parents and society? Our society is now more than ever concerned with our rights and feelings.Is a first graders mind able to use these rights for there best interest or is it up to the adult population? Parents are the ones who should teach and mentor the students in the spirit of the rights and how to use them for the good judgment and common sense. The Bible says, For I, too, was once a son, tenderly loved by my mother as an only child, and the companion of my father. He told me never to allow for his words. If you follow them, he said, you will have a long and happy life. Learn to be wise, he said, and develop good judgment and common senseI cannot overemphasize this point. (Proverbs 3 3-5). Is it more important for us to make a place where the student can improve in the general sense compared to the First amendment claims that the students dont have the right of free expression? Any dress restriction that infringes on a students First Amendment right must be confirm by a showing that the students attire materially disrupts school operation, infringes on the rights of others at the school, or otherwise interferes with any basic educational mission of he school (Grantham 1994).The court-ordered aspect of requiring students to ware uniforms is a small matter if the majority of the parents back the policy. However, some will fight with every penny they have so that their kids will not have to ware the uniforms. The biggest legal issue is the First Amendments, right to free expression and the Fourteenth Amendment. They use this to say that the school has violated the stu dents liberty to control his or her personal appearance ( Paliokos 1996). Stakeholders are involved in every part of this issue.Every person is a stakeholder. It will affect, children, adults, and elderly in one way or another, some more than others will. The children will be affected because they will have to ware the uniforms. Primary social stakeholders would be the students, parents, school employees and administrators, taxpayers, people opposed to and people for school uniforms. I dont have children but I am a stakeholder because if the uniform policy is voted on and passed the chances are my local school tax will increase to help pay for the new uniforms.Paying for the uniforms might not seem fair to someone in my position but if I look at the long term benefits of having our public schools improve the students I believe that the chances of a better society in my golden years is more likely to happen compared with the alternative of not improving the students. The improvement of students basic education holds very high adventure for all stakeholders. If a student receives a better education he/she will have a better chance and be better furnish to be part of our adult society in which they will have to abide by our standard.The responsibility of the schools and lawmakers is to improve students. They are also responsible to do this within a budget. This does mean there will be some compromises and restrictions to what and how they accomplish this task of improving the students. They must also incumbrance within the legal aspects of our laws, which has been brought about by society from the past. If the laws are no longer valid they need to be changed for the current situations faced today by schools trying to improve students. Lets look at the stakeholders and what stakes they face.See stakeholder map Appendix C. Students, parents, teachers, school administrators, and the general society are the stakeholders we will look at although there are many more secondary stakeholders involved with this issue. What challenges, threats or opportunities do these stakeholders pose? What economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities do they have? We will start by looking at the students. The challenge they have has been a negative and stressful one, what to wear today? is a question that will no longer have to be asked each morning before school.The desire to have the coolest and newest fashions is no longer a challenge for the students who attend schools with uniform policies. The challenge to not be teased or laughed at is no longer there. Jacqueline Rios, a student at Glencrest Middle School said, The good thing about uniforms is that everybody wears the same color. And having uniforms is a lot better, because people cannot talk about and laugh at your clothes. (Teeter 1997). We do however have the threat that some of the opposing students will not comply which could cause determine problems or even cause them to drop out o f school.The opportunities for the students are all positive ones. Simply put they will have more opportunities to better themselves with academic issues because the priority of fashion standards is gone as Assistant Director of elementary school operations, Frankie Batts, said, Instead of worrying about their clothes or what everyone else is wearing, kids focus on math and reading, (Richardson 1995). Parents will also enjoy the decreasing challenge of keeping their kids in the newest fashions. The money issue will improve for them, Three outfits can run about $130, said Jan Underwood, owner of the U. T. W.Uniforms store in Fort Worth (Teeters 1997). Parents have had to struggle with deciding if what there kids are warring is proper. You might even ask, is it ethical to let my daughter go to school in an almost see-through and skintight outfit? The students being at a school with a uniform policy would now solve this problem. A possible threat from the parents would be from those who feel and believe that kids should be able to do and ware what they want and to force them to ware a uniform is a violation of their kids rights as well as the law. They do however seem to be the minority, most parents seem to support uniforms.The Longview Independent School district says they would support the decision for school uniforms if 75 to 80 percent of the parents were for it (Bell 2000). Teachers will have the challenge of enforcing the new uniform polices but it will be much easier then enforcing the current dress code. At most, schools the guidelines of a dress code can be subjective in determining if they meet the requirements. Lets say, if the school dress policy said that girls must ware skirts that go down to there knees and a student is seen warring one that does meet that requirement but it is see-through and she is not wearing underpants.This could cause a problem because the requirement is subjective. If the uniform policy was in effect this would not be beca use the see-through skirt would either be part of the uniform and accepted or not, it would now be an objective decision for the teacher to make, either it is a violation or not. One of the great opportunities that it would give the teachers is by having all the students dress alike they would be able to identify students who belong to the school and trespassers who dont.This is a great safety issue in todays times where it is important to regulate who comes on campuses. How about on a school field parapraxis would it not be easier to identify your students in a crowd if you did not have to remember what everyone was warring. Say they were kidnapped would it not be easier to describe them to the police. School administrators have all the issues to deal with. They are the ones who are challenged to improve the students. They have the challenge to implement school policies like uniforms in an effort to improve students.Their decisions go from the smallest detail, what colors, what st yle, what material, all or which can have either positive or negative effects on other stakeholders. They must accomplish this and be able to stay within the legal, economic and ethical parameters that currently guide their decisions. What a privilege they have with this opportunity to improve students who will in turn improve society and possibly the entire world. Though this is a great opportunity, it is also a great responsibility to have. General society has a stake that is both gyp term and long term.On the short term, they will have to support the decisions of the uniform policies that are imposed upon the students and parents. Some of the long-term stakes would be requiring paying for some of the uniforms for students who cannot afford them. For the few who oppose the uniforms they will not have to compromise their beliefs so that their kids can get an education. The Texas 1995 law allows some exceptions to the rules with a written request that states a bona fide religious o r philosophical objection to the requirement.(Appendix A) Some recommendations that should be looked at by schools before starting a uniform policy could help reduce the problems that occur from putting new policies into effect. They need to be able to justify the actions by demonstrating the link between a kind of dress and disruptive behavior or between a dress and improvements of the students. They should consult with the schools legal advisors to possible legal problems. Determine ways of enforcing the policy as well as what punishment would occur. Finding out what the parents and students think and involving them before the final starting date.They might try to find out what the students favorite color or type of material they want to use. They might even look at having some variety maybe two different colors. This way the students will feel included in the decisions and might not fight the policy, making the discipline problem smaller because they would be less likely to rebel . A financial study should be conducted prior to the policy to determine how much burden is going to be imposed on the school itself, how many students would require financial avail with the cost of the uniforms.By keeping the primary stakeholders involved with the decisions prior to making the policy, schools have a better chance of success from the uniform policy. Appendix A Sec. 11. 162. School Uniforms. a) The board of trustees of an independent school district may adopt rules that require students at a school in the district to wear school uniforms if the board determines that the requirement would improve the learning environment at the school. (b) The rules the board of trustees adopts must designate a source of funding that shall be used in providing uniforms for students at the school who are educationally disadvantaged.(c) A parent or guardian of a student assigned to attend a school at which students are required to wear school uniforms may choose for the student to be e xempted from the requirement or to transfer to a school at which students are not required to wear uniforms and at which space is available if the parent or guardian provides a written statement that, as determined by the board of trustees, states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement.(d) Students at a school at which uniforms are required shall wear the uniforms beginning on the 90th day after the date on which the board of trustees adopts the rules that require the uniforms. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg. , ch. 260, Sec. 1, eff. May 30, 1995. Appendix B GRADES K-8 SCHOOL CRIME REPORT digest Since the inception of required school uniforms in all Long Beach Unified School District elementary and middle schools, in September 1994, school crime here has dropped 86% percent.SCHOOL CRIME REDUCED 1993-94 Before Uniforms 1994-95 Uniforms Required 1995-96 2nd Year with Uniforms 1996-97 3rd Year with Uniforms 1997-98 4th Year with Uniforms 1998-99 fifth Year Wi th Uniforms Change K-8 Enrollment 57,497 58,376 59,822 62,039 63,602 65,451 +14% Assault/Battery* 319 214 53 47 46 82 Assault w/Deadly Weapon* 6 3 16 11 8 24 Sex Offenses 57 15 5 4 2 4 -93% Robbery/Extortion 34 12 13 5 3 5 -85%.Chemical Substances 71 29 24 20 27 37 -48% Weapons or Look A like 145 78 28 24 12 36 -75% Vandalism** 1,409 1,155 127 93 98 106 Dangerous Devices 46 23 1 2 0 2 -96% TOTAL 2087 1529 267 206 196 296 -86% *The statewide category of assault has been revised because of different interpretations of what constitutes assault.Verbal threats without physical contact were sometimes reported as assaults. There is also a new, expanded definition of assault with a deadly weapon. Reported now is any item that is actually used in an effort to communicate any bodily harm, i. e. a foot, a fist, a pencil or a comb. **Under the new California Safe Schools Assessment School law-breaking Report, only vandalism over $100 is included. Some prior years incidents were under $100, so the actual reduction is less than this. Appendix C Bibliography Resources Bell, Becky.LISD group focuses on school uniforms Longview News Journal 22 March 2000 Local California Leads nation in Public School Uniform Use. California School News 31 March 1997 4 Caruso, Peter. Individuality vs. Conformity The Issue Behind School Uniforms. NASSP Bulletin 8,581 September 1996 83-88. Chon, Carl A. Mandatory School Uniforms. The School executive 53, 2 February 1996 22-25 Grantham, Kimberly. Restricting Student Dress in Public Schools. School Law Bulletin 25, Winter 1994 1-10 Long Beach Crime Report Summary. http//www. lbusd. k12. ca. us/ Paliokas, Kathleen L. Trying Uniforms On for Size. The American School Board Journal 183, 5 May 1996 32-35 Proverbs.The Bible. The Living Bible. 3 3-5 Radcliffe, Jennifer. Irving joins movement supporting required attire. Star conducting wire 25 March 1999 http//netarrant. net/news/doc/1047/1NEA/1NEA032599. html Ramos, Cindy. Capitol moves San Antoni o Express-News 1 April 1997 Metro- Education Express 4B Richardson, Ginger. Student uniforms in vogue at schools in Fort Worth Officials report success of voluntary clothing programs. Fort Worth Star Telegram, 16 August 1995 Metro Teeters, Amy. Growing up in uniform style. Fort Worth Star-Telegram 18 February 1997 Class Acts 9 Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. http//www. tea. state. tx. us.

Team Ground Rules and Guidelines Essay Example for Free

squad Ground Rules and Guidelines EssayMembers should be on time with assignments and responsibilities agreed to. If they are not overtaking to be on time, post a message ASAP stating belatedly or get rid of. They should check the Learning Team Forum every day for questions and late/absent notices. Lastly, communicate when you are having trouble or seek and need assistance. Expectations for Time Management and Involvement (Participation, communication with the team, accessibility, etc) Communicate, communicate, communicate If you will be absent or out a particular day of that week communicate on Monday of each week when you will be out. If a member is struggling or needs assistance, ask right away. Always check the learning team A forum everyday to see if there are questions or help needed. I think we need to step-up a team secretaryadmin posting sections, assignments, and updates, etc. If no one volunteers, I will be happy to do it. What to do if a team member cannot be re ached or isnt participating to the satisfaction of the team? Again, communication is diagnose. If we do not here from a member by Wednesday 6pm on their contributions each week, we divvy up the sections that need a volunteer. A time line and due dates should be company for each task.If someone has misses a deadline then a message is posted and we finalize the missing assignment. Also, a message is posted to professor Rita Solomon-Moore, as she should be our corporate boss and he needs to know when a member is slacking so credit is assigned appropriately. Special Considerations What do you, as a team, agree will make this team experience different from past team experiences. I have only been a member of 2 forward teams now which was a horrid experience in the first team because we went from 4 assigned members to two actual participating members and I felt I pulled most of the weight on the team of 2.So, it was not a team, but just a group of members. The 2nd team was better, but d idnt bring home the bacon our charter. I hope that this team builds on the definition of a team a group of people organized to work together. Communication is key allowing a group of people to work together. So, if there is no communication from a member for 3 consecutive days within the Learning Team A forum, we send a note to that member. If there is no response for a day, we notify the professor.

Effectiveness of bollinger band in signaling ‘Buy or Sell’ Essay Example for Free

Effectiveness of bollinger band in signaling Buy or Sell Essay

Pure Bureaucratic Organization Features

Pure bureaucratic Organization FeaturesEvery governing body has a practise of objectives it wants to win. These can merely be per pret closing curtainance targets a management wants to attain, or can better be described as a measure of organic lawal growth. However, objectives of each single might non be aligned with those of the organisation, and therefore, to ensure that the organization is able to meet its objectives with maximum efficiency, it is imperative to exert some roll of control over the organization. Bureaucracy is an authority that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and exercises control on the basis of technical k right offledge (Weber, 1947339).Bureaucracy is a reverberate of organisational design defined by a number of imposing characteristics focused on centralization, authority, im ad hominemity and a rational career structure all set up in a hierarchical ascending order with edify cut division of labour and specialized tasks in line with responsibilitys and entitlements linked to the position in hierarchy (Clegg et al., 2008486 Clegg and Hardy, 19998). Max Weber (1864-1920), a great German academic and sociologist was the first to formulate the characteristics of a bureaucratism. Well k flatn for his study of bureaucratization of society, he set the foundations for all subsequent work on this subject. Weber, in his work The Three Types of Legitimate Rules (1958) contrasted three types of authority traditional authority, charismatic authority and rational-legal authority. However, he identified rational-legal authority to be the heart of bureaucracy and defined it asan authority resting on a belief in the legality of patterns of normative rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands (Weber, 1947215).As for this, the authority given to these authoriseds is determined by the office they are appointed to and once these official leave the office, their authority is lo st. For Weber, the terms bureaucracy and rationality were both tied together, and thus he coined the term intellectl type to the rational-legal form.Primary Features of a Bureaucratic OrganizationWeber identified what he believed to be the main characteristics of a pure bureaucratic organization. His idea on bureaucracy was to describe an ideal organization one which is perfectly rational and would provide maximum efficiency and consistency to the organization. We are now going to discuss the characteristics that form the essence of Webers rational bureaucracy that be found in his work Economy and Society an Outline of Interpretive Sociology (1978221-3).Bureaucratic organizations can be characterized through the formal aspects of Frederick Taylors Scientific vigilance school of thought which is considered to be the foundation of classical management theory and enhances the idea of improving efficiency and productiveness within the workplace (Dean, 1997). First is centralization, which refers to the direct of hierarchy with authority to make decisions. Each level is accountable to the level above and controls the level below (Weber, 1978). Hierarchy delineates the line of authority and shows a clear chain of command, allowing job definition to be some rational and most efficient (Grey, 2009). Secondly, there is a highly developed division of labour and differentiation of tasks. Duties of all officials are clearly defined such that employees are organized into groups based upon their technical skills, thus covering the area of competence they are technically trained for. In lines with this, Taylors principles of Scientific Management theory suggests that a trained employee should be selected for the job rather than having him choose his own work and training himself as best he could (Dean, 1997).An another(prenominal) feature that develops a bureaucratic organization is formalization, which refers to the set of scripted rules and formal procedures managemen t has to abide by. Firstly, there is a uncompromising separation between official duties of a bureaucrat and their private and emotional life. In this, management is operated on certain rules contained in files of written documents rather than personal feelings of the employees (Weber, 1921/1968). This allows a uniform execution of decisions and actions towards the lower levels through formal dusts of rules and regulations, and thus it is an imperative source ofefficiency maximization. Ouchi (1977) points out that an organizations formal system, identified as written procedures and policies, help meet organizational goals in an efficient manner and detect misconducts taking place within the organization. Moreover, all decision and actions taken by the organization are recorded in written documents. This helps regulate behavior of the employees. Although this might not seem as an essential part of a bureaucracy, yet it is the understanding that best fits the pure type (Weber, 1957 335).Starting with the mode of recruitment, another feature that develops a pure bureaucratic organization is that personnel are hired on grounds of technical competence and not on any other consideration such as political loyalty or family inheritance. The appointment of an individual is based upon their qualifications and expertise to accomplish the specialized duties effectively. When entering a bureaucratic organization, individuals are expected to make office their sole occupation and make a career within the organization (Weber, 1978220). Insofar as the remuneration in a bureaucratic organization is concerned, the opportunity for promotion is based upon an elaborate system of seniority and achievement of an individual. Moreover, the bureaucrats are salaried officials and normally receive a fixed salary based more upon the status of their position rather than their productivity or performance. Clegg et al. (2008) asserts that different positions in a hierarchy are differently p aid.The characteristics discussed above illustrate Webers ideal type of rational and efficient bureaucracy. many an(prenominal) of these features that now seem common and obvious to us did not always exist, and can therefore be characterized as Webers invention. Furthermore, as suggested in Webers definition and by Scientific Management theory, these features exist as a set of formal entities such that they are predefined by the management and are deliberately and consciously created to achieve specified goals (Dwyer, 20051234).Bureaucracy or Post-bureaucracy?For most of us today when we think of the term bureaucracy, negative connotations such as inefficiency, redundancy, rigidity, red tape culture and the analogous come to mind. However, bureaucracy in Webers period was considered extremely successful and was seen as efficient machine devised to ultimately achieve desired goals. The purpose of this essay except is not to discuss the success or failure of a bureaucracy, besides rather to analyze if we still live in a bureaucratic world, or in a post-bureaucratic one.Post-bureaucracy is an refined organizational model developed to best suit todays dynamic organizations. Salaman (2005) asserts that post-bureaucracy is supposed to be more efficient, more dynamic, more forward-looking and more understanding towards the need to change. It merely refers to a fundamental shift away from traditional bureaucratic features which can be characterized through reduced formal levels of hierarchy, more flexibility than rule-following, decentralization of authority, and a collaboration of trust, teamwork, and shared responsibility (Heckscher, 1994).One of the features of Webers ideal type of bureaucracy is based upon centralization however most large and successful organizations today are organizing themselves into handsomeer, autonomous and more manageable units thus becoming more decentralized. Various scholars (Miner et al., 2000 Repenning, 2002 Sigglekow and Rivki , 2003) feel recently developed a resurgence of interest towards the linkage of structure and strategy, and lease focused on how smaller structures in dynamic env weight-liftments can be used to produce organizational adaptations. Their study links to how simpler structure can improvise learning, increase professionalism and be an appropriate mechanism for controlling organizations. Although Daft (2009348) argues that decentralization represents a paradox because, in the perfect bureaucracy, all decisions would be made by the top administrator, who would have perfect control. Nevertheless, it can be seen that larger an organization becomes, the more decentralized and convoluted itgets. The rationale behind this is that when an organization grows, the number of levels in hierarchy (vertical complexity) and the number of departments (horizontal complexity) grow with it, thus decisions are diffused to the lower levels of management and pressure to divide arises, or else managers ca nnot control them effectively. We can see today that most successful companies such as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, General Foods, 3M, etc are now seen adapting decentralization. CEO Mike Quinlan of McDonalds says that he pushes directions as far down the hierarchy as he can otherwise, McDonalds decision making would be too slow. Hage and Aiken (1967) support this idea in their look for on organization size that larger organizations permit greater decentralization and use Campbell Soup Company and American Airlines as examples (cited in Daft, 2009348). A small group of theorists (Heckscher and Donnellon, 1994 Gratton, 2004 Pollitt, 2008) have developed upon the theory of typical shift towards post-bureaucracy that in a world of such increasing uncertainty and complexity hierarchies have now become flat, horizontal connections are emphasized, companies are now more fluid and virtual. As all of these features can be observed in large-scale organizations today, I am in support of Robbins (19 90308) thought that in large and complex organizations, decentralization has become de riguer.Although we have discussed above that large scale organizations are becoming more decentralized, that is they are lacking the pure bureaucratic feature of centralization and hierarchical authority, this however does not mean that hierarchy has been eliminated in them or that they have left behind the core tenets of bureaucracy. They still abide by the Webers bureaucratic rigid rules, written procedures, and impersonality. Heckscher and Donnellon (1994) argue along these lines and describe them as cleaned up bureaucracies. Moreover, gibe to Hpfl (200619), an only when non- or post-bureaucratic organization without hierarchy is simply inconceivable and in addition asserts that post-bureaucratic arrangements appear as variants within bureaucracy.Today, large organizations tend to be more formalized than the smaller ones. The underlying principle behind this is that in large organizations the number of employees and departments is significantly higher, making them more dependable upon the written rules, regulations and paperwork to regularise operations and exercise control. Robbins (199096) uses McDonalds to support this argument and states that McDonalds operating manual has 385 pages describing the most minute activities in each outlet. No cigarette, candy or pin evening gown machines are allowed. Basic hamburger patty must be 1.6 ounces of pure beef with no more than 19.5% fat content. Buns must have 13.3% saccharide in them. In regard with this example, it can be seen that even in todays large-scale organizations employees are taken as machine-like objects with no personal feelings. Bureaucracys strength is its aptitude to manage routine tasks efficiently in stable and predictable environments. On the contrary, small organizations these days tend to deploy less degree of formalization in their operations which provides employees with considerable freedom in exe cuting their duties and achieving objectives (Robbins, 199093). Having said that, top management in small organizations can nevertheless deploy their personal honoring skills as a tool to continuously monitor productivity levels and regulate control (Hall, 1963). This implies that sufficient tools are available in small organizations to positively jar overall team dynamics without having to enforce a set of stringent rules and regulations that individuals are restrained by. This in turn empowers employees with a sense of belonging towards the organization and builds a strong relationship amongst them, weaved by trust and personal loyalties (Maravelias, 2003).In lines with the existence of bureaucratic features in todays era, different schools of thought exist. An extensive number of theorists have conducted case studies on organizational structures existing in both public and private sectors. Harris (2006) conducted a study on British Library to explore widespread adoption of Inf ormation and Communication Technology (ICT). He concluded that ICT in modern libraries can foster them to become innovative virtual organizations putting an end to bureaucracy and thus initiate a new flexible and modern-bureaucratic organizational form. Similarly, Briand and Bellemare (2006), in their study about complex changes taking place in a Canadian International Development Research Centre, propose that a shift away from centralized model of governance is being observed, which is entailed with with a reduction of watch and produced a new flat structure of domination. Furthermore, Budd (2007), in his research draws upon the environmental changes such as introduction of ICT based services, standardization and flexibility. He claims that these changes have helped sub bureaucracy in public policy and public management operations.In contrast to the aforementioned cases which observe the essence of post-bureaucratic patterns in the transformed era we now live in, another group of research scientists have presented their findings by conducting studies about organizations that have not adapted to a paradigm shift, away from bureaucracy. Hill et al. (2000578), in their study of UK and US Research and Development (RD) projects considered decentralization as an aspect of post-bureaucratic paradigm in RD functions. They concluded that centralization is still the norm as no evidence of move towards decentralization or was observed. In similar lines, Hodgson (2004) argued in his study that project management can never eliminate central control, not the tensions linked with it instead it has distinct modalities of control, each of which generates quite specific tensions. These are not so much an innovation in organization form but a repositioning of some classic questions. In addition to this Barker (1993) studied self-managing teams in the US and observed that dehumanizing tendencies within them exist, thus tightening Webers iron cage of rational control.As a respo nse to whether we are living in a bureaucratic or a post-bureaucratic epoch, there is certainly no doubt that organizations today are experiencing rapid technological and innovative changes, but these changes however are not leaving bureaucracy behind. Bureaucracy, in some form or the other, still exists in all organizations.ConclusionFirst part of this essay discusses the general features that constitute a pure bureaucratic organization. Thus, I am of the opinion that these bureaucratic features were consciously formed to meet the organizations objectives in the most productive and efficient manner. Second part of the essay provides an analytical re tidy sum of the genuine patterns of organizational structures to help establish the extent of bureaucratic elements that still exists within modern organizations. Due to the given scope limitations, the primary content of this essay besides outlines concepts of Webers ideal type bureaucracy and few critical approaches to provide a rad ical analysis of bureaucracy and post-bureaucracy era. This constraint however limits my analysis and prevents from further create upon the controversies identified by other research theorists which are primarily associated with these core characteristics.Although bureaucracy entails with it words such as red tape and inefficiency, bureaucracy is completely a type of an organizational structure and there is no unanimously acknowledged perspective whether it is good or bad. Referring to Greys (2009) idea that bureaucracies are well meet for businesses that involve routine task or machine-like operations rather than for those which experience rapid technological changes, I reject the exclusive consideration of either bureaucracies or post-bureaucracies. The aforementioned idea implies that we live either in a purely bureaucratic epoch, or one which completely washes away the bureaucratic features in other words a post-bureaucratic one. Although bureaucracy, with its adequately defi ned rigid features to some extent is indeed incompatible with todays growth and rapid change yet in my view all organizations in some way or the other demonstrate certain degree of bureaucratic characteristics. As for this, I endorse Hpfls (2006) idea that a complete transition from bureaucracy to a modern era would require either a death of hierarchy, or some measures that are entirely incompatible with bureaucracy. In light of all this, it can thus be concluded that despite the criticism directed towards bureaucracy, we are in the midst of a threshold both bureaucracy and modernity still continue to live with us.

Threats To Darkroom Workers

Threats To Darkroom WorkersIn terms of mental picture to harmful chemical substances, darkroom workers and hobbyists be often in a worse position than chemical workers. Darkroom workers, particularly hobbyists, norm eithery receive no training in the proper use of chemicals. Perhaps the main reason for this laxity is that photo chemicals atomic number 18 gener exclusivelyy regarded as safe by the photographic community. M both photographers think that since close photo chemicals atomic number 18 diluted before use that the danger is small(a). But most photographers privation the knowledge necessary to make decisions about chemical photograph. This is shown in the lack of precautions that most photographers take m whatever an(prenominal) immerse themselves, literally, in their solutions and advise their students to do the same. get across with high takes of some photo chemicals rout out lead to acute problems such as burns, dermatitis, dizziness, vomiting, asphyxiation an d central nervous system failure. Long-term, low-level exposure cig art result in chronic problems such as allergic reactions, headaches, depression, lung ailments and bedcer. Individuals vary in their responses to chemicals some are more susceptible to wayward reactions than differents. Reactions in like manner play on the immersions of the chemicals and the conditions under which they are use.The greatest danger to darkroom workers and hobbyists is through the stirring of powders or vapors. Additionally, most chemicals in the darkroom are liquids in open trays or tanks which increases the relegate for spills. Absorption through the skin is also easy if the photographer routinely handles chemical-c everyplaceed submits or prints. Most darkroom workers seem to rely on the rule of thumb if I can tolerate the odor, the ventilation is adequate. But there are dangers from inoffensive chemicals that arent offensive what you cant smell CAN hurt you www.subclub.org/darkroom/ na tural rubber.htmINTRODUCTIONThe Trinidad and Tobago Police good or TTPS is the law enforcement agency of Trinidad and Tobago and has been in operation for over 200 years. One of the specialization within the Service was the introduction of plain-clothes officers in 1862 to assist in crime fighting during. Included in this section is the Photography division star of the specialist section whose function is to photograph the scene of crimes, serious accidents and any material relating to the commission of a crime or incident. This includes the photographing of fingerprints and questioned documents in order to preserve evidence of value in the process of crime investigation or presentation before the courts. Persons coming into custody of the Police and those participating in riots and demonstrations are also photographed for evidence of infractions of the law. These highly trained officers gain their expertise by participating in courses provided by senior officers and at internat ional agencies.http//www.ttps.gov.ttThis athletic field focuses on the Hazards associated with the photography department in the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. No seek was gear up on the topic in Trinidad and Tobago, however, international agencies, such as the University of Florida and Kodak International and other agencies reach put systems in billet to protect photographers, darkroom enthusiast and other persons from impales that they whitethorn encounter in the dark rooms.Dark Rooms are an official part of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. They are used for developing images after affect scenes of crimes. The crime scene is photographed to record a vivid understanding of what the scene looked like and to record items of possible evidence. Crime scene photographs are normally interpreted in 2 groupings, overall views and items of evidence. http//www.feinc.net/cs-proc.Photographers play an important role in the entire Police service of Trinidad and Tobago. Most of the work is carried out in a Photographic Lab which is commonly called the Dark Room. The photographer, or more specifically the crime scene photographer, must know how to create an acceptable image that is competent of withstanding challenges in court. These photographs are seen by Judges, Magistrates, Lawyers and Jurors, fellow officers and witnesses. It is commonly said that a picture paints a thousand words, however, the technical aspects are unknown to our fellow Officers and other Civilian members. The Police photographer operates in the front line and the greatest feats are pass behind the scenes. Photographers are not taken seriously as everyone now owns a camera and play the role of amateur photographers they are further disrespected by being called photo take outers. The assumption is they click aside and wolla photograph appears like magic. in that location are numerous hazards associated with dark rooms and wet photography.Photography uses three basic chemicals in the processing of light delicate materials. The first chemical is called Developer. The developer detects changes in the eloquent salt in the emulsion of the film or paper and turns those that have been struck by light into golden silver. The arcminute chemical is stop bath and is used to stop the developer from working any longer. Plain water is sometimes used for this step. The final chemical is fixer. It fixes the film or paper so that it is no longer sensitive to light. It dissolve the unexposed silver salt from the light sensitive emulsion while leaving the metalic silver in tact. fixer will, however, bleach the metalic silver if left in contact for a long enough period of time. Finally backwash the emulsion to exclude the dissolved unexposed silver salt as well as all the fixer residue. Chemical Safety scphoto.com/html/chemicals.htmlIt is noted that persons working in the department today and persons who have worked in the department before are not made aware of some of the chemical composition and their hazards. Long hours are spent in the lab with the pungent smell. The author will examine the systems in place to effectively minimize and control the inhalation of chemicals.1.1 JUSTIFICATION/ RATIONALEThis research provides for an investigation into the reasons, why the Police Photographers are not sensitized to the hazards and risks they are prone to daily. What the effects of the dissimilar hazards pose when they are not prepared and what makes them most vulnerable than their peers.The photography department consists of Forty four persons inclucive of men and women Police officers whose services are shared throughout the country inclusive of Tobago Division. They are also called upon to provide service by the various branches and sections within the Police Service. The photography department of the Northern Division has an office space which criterions 6 feet by 13 feet in size, and contains three office desks a refrigerator, two filing cabine ts and one overhead cupboard. The dark room area measures 6 feet by 9 feet, has a counter 4 feet in height by 3 feet in length, a choke, a photographic enlarger and two filing cabinets.The dark room is fit(p) nearby (at the back of the office), this area is where the negatives and the printing of photographs are done. The close proximity of the dark room where chemicals are being used emits a pungent odour into the office area. The photographers work in the scented office over a long period of time as such, they are immune to the scent. A feeble awareness becomes evident when other fellow officers visit the office and remarks are made about the scent to which the photographers are oblivious to. The hazards and risk of injuries can be attributed to a number of factors such asPhysical hazardsInjury, as a result of accidental contact, spillage, or inhalation of darkroom chemicals.Slips, trips, and falls, cramped spaces, surfaces made slippery by spilled liquids and the movement of h eavy tripod.Chemical hazardsExposure to a wide variety of photographic chemicals and their vapours and fumesErgonomicEye strain as a result of moving frequently from the dark or semi-dark into strong light.Increase in crimes means frequent visits to crime scenes which in turn, mean long hours in the dark room. The officers have not yet experienced any major disaster or injury, however subtle changes have been noticed, mentioned and simply brushed aside.This study is appropriate to generate findings which should result in the implementation of Administrative and Engineering Controls. The Police Photography Department is of paramount importance, it is imperative that the working conditions and the wellness and safety of the photographers be looked into. Section 6 (1) (12) of the OSH Act 2006 it shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably usable, the safety and health and welfare at work of all his employees.1.2 AIMSTo determine the risks and hazards associ ated with working in the Police Photography Laboratory in Trinidad and Tobago.1.3 OBJECTIVESThe objective of this study is to determine the followingTo determine the level of volatile organic compounds present in the working environment.To determine the adverse health effects associated with exposure to the VOCsTo ascertain whether there are systems in place to deal with exposures and disposal of chemicals.To determine compliance with OSH Act of No 3 of 2006 and compare other legislations and regulations.1.4 METHODOLOGYA research was conducted in order to declare the literature on the relevant titleQuestionn contrastes will be distributed within the department as it relates to the projectMultirae tester will be used to measure the Voc, Ammonia Sulpha Dioxide and Oxygen levels.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products numbering in the thousands. Examples include paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless double paper, graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions. www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.htmlToxicity of nerve centresToxicity is the ability of a substance to produce injury once it passes a site on or in the body. The degree or harmful effect which a substance can have depends on the inherent harmful properties and the route and hotfoot of entry in the body. Exposure may be short term (acute effect) or after long or repeated exposure (chronic effect). (Holt, St John bothan)What makes the substance virulent is the quant ity, concentration, duration of exposure, the physical state of the material its affinity for human tissue and sensitivity to attack human tissue or organs.Routes of entryHow do hazardous agents get into the body?The diagram of the human body below illustrates the effects when it is exposed to the outside world through a variety of surfaces. These include the skin, lungs, nose, mouth and the digestive, urinary, and genital tracts. Hazardous agents (e.g. chemicals and micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses) can get into the body through any of these surfaces. The most common routes of entry are(a) through the lungs (inhalation)(b) through the skin (absorption)(c) through the mouth (ingestion).http//actrav.itcilo.org/http//actrav.itcilo.org/actrav-english/telearn/osh/body/body1.gifactrav.itcilo.orgHealth EffectsThere are several factors from Particulate Matter that contribute to adverse health effect s. According to World Health Organization (WHO) PM affects more people than any other pollutant. The major components of PM are sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, atomic number 11 chloride, carbon, mineral dust and water. It consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air. The particles are identified according to their slick diameter, as either PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 m) or PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 m). The latter are more dangerous since, when inhaled, they may reach the peripheral regions of the bronchioles, and interfere with gas exchange inside the lungs. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.htmlThe Environmental Protection Agency discusses the ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly virulent, to those with no known health effect. As with other pollutants, the extent and nature of the health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of ti me exposed. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to some organics Many organic compounds are known to cause cancer in animals some are venture of causing, or are known to cause, cancer in humans. Eye, nose, and throat irritation headaches, loss of coordination, nausea damage to liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, emesis, epistaxis, fatigue, dizziness. http//www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html body6.gif (328222 bytes)The following are recommend revised limits for the concentration of selected air pollutants on Particulate matter from WHO 2005 Air Quality Guidelines Guideline valuesPM2.510 g/m3 annual mean25 g/m3 24-hour meanPM1020 g/m3 annual mean50 g/m3 24-hour meanOzone (O3)Guideline valuesO3100 g/m3 8-hour meanThe previously recommended limit, which was fixed at 120 g/m3 8-hour mean, has been shrinkd to 100 g/m3 based on recent conclusive associations between daily mortality and ozone levels occurring at ozone concentrations below 120 g/m3. normality dioxide (NO2)Guideline valuesNO240 g/m3 annual mean200 g/m3 1-hour meanThe current WHO guideline value of 40 g/m3 (annual mean) make out to protect the public from the health effects of gaseous NO2 remains unchanged from the level recommended in the previous AQGs.Sulfur dioxide (SO2)Guideline valuesSO220 g/m3 24-hour mean500 g/m3 10-minute meanA SO2 concentration of 500 g/m3 should not be exceeded over average periods of 10 minutes duration. Studies luff that a proportion of people with asthma experience changes in pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms after periods of exposure to SO2 as short as 10 minEXPOSURE LIMITSThe airborne exposure limits establish ed by OSHA include Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) The allowable limit that is representative of a workers exposure, averaged over an 8-hour day.Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) The allowable limit that is representative of a workers exposure, averaged over 15 minutes.ACGIH is a professional organization whose members work within the organization or academia. This organization annually publishes a booklet entitled doorstep Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents andBiological Exposure Indices (BEIs). ACGIH TLVs are exposure guidelines and do not have the effect of law. These values change in response to new data and are usually more rapidly updated than OSHA limits.The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) refers to airborne concentrations of substances and represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse health effects.The ACGIH TLVs include Threshold Limit Value-Time- Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) The time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40- hour work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. http//www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/oel.pdfDisposal of ChemicalsAccording to the University of Florida disposal procedures of darkrooms photo chemicals with a pH of less than or be to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5 can be disposed of pop the drain. Therefore, developer (alkaline) and stop bath (acidic) may be combined in a container (with good ventilation) to neutralize the solutions (pH 7) and make it nonhazardous. Then the combined solution can be disposed of belt down the sink. Fixers cannot be placed down the sink because of silver and other heavy metals content. These chemicals can be combined into one container and must have a Hazardous Waste Label on it. All unused, operose photographic materials must be handled by EHS as a hazardous chase away. Photographers should never put any h azardous (or even potentially hazardous) materials down the drain without explicit permissionAccording to Michael McCann the disposal of old or unused concentrated photographic chemical solutions, developer, stop baths, fixing baths, and other solutions should be treated as hazardous waste. To dispose of photographic wastes, label them with a hazardous waste tag, store them in secondary containment and submit a waste pickup request. Fixers contain some silver, which must be treated or recovered before it can be disposed of. There are two options available for recycling this material Have a commercial company service your photographic needs (typically keeping your developer and fixer stocked and your waste removed), or have EHS collect the waste. EHS is permitted to treat. It is important to remember that when handling fixers, developer, or other photographic products that proper Personal preservative Equipment (PPE) be worn at all times.Kodak literature on Disposal of process Waste s guidelines are to direct discharge of untreated processing effluents to receiving water, or to surface drains or storm sewers that discharge without delay to receiving waters, is not recommended or lawful. Septic tanks are biological systems, but are not recommended for disposal of photographic processing wastes. Septic tanks may not depress wastes sufficiently. They are generally designed for small volumes, produce odorous products, cannot be installed in all locations, and may contaminate ground waters. Aerated lagoons have been used successfully by some processors to pre-treat their wastes to lower the oxygen demand before discharging them into a municipal treatment system.The University of Florida, Michael McCann and Kodak Literature in their research all hold that photochemical disposal should be treated as hazardous waste. Hazardous waste or even potentially hazardous materials should never be poured down the drain. The University of Florida labels the hazardous waste and Contacts the Environmental Health and Safety Department who is permitted to treat hazardous waste. Both, The University of Florida and Michael McCann suggest the services of the EHS department. Kodak in their findings suggests an aerated lagoon.Hazard pictograms GHSThe following labels are found on the packages of the fixer, and developers.For the labelling based on the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation, GHS), the following hazard pictograms have to be used according to the classification of the substances or preparations (mixtures).http//www.bag.admin.ch/anmeldestelle/00933/12871/index.html?lang=enimage=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCKeIR_fWym162bpYbqjKbNpJyZlq7p Pictogram GHS05 attribute corrosionHazard class and hazard courseCorrosive to metals, hazard category 1Skin corrosion, hazard categories 1A, 1B, 1CSerious eye damage, hazard category 1http//www.bag.admin.ch/anmeldestelle/00933/12871/index.html?lang=enimage=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln 1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCKeIR_g2ym162bpYbqjKbNpJyZlq7p Pictogram GHS06 Symbol skull and crossbonesHazard class and hazard categoryhttp//www.bag.admin.ch/anmeldestelle/00933/12871/index.html?lang=enimage=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCKeXt2g2ym162bpYbqjKbNpJyZlq7p Pictogram GHS09 Symbol environmentHazard class and hazard categoryHazardous to the aquatic environment Acute hazard category 1 Chronic hazard categories 1, 2 http//www.bag.admin.ch3.0 Hierachy of Control MeasuresWhile systems of control should be as effective as it is practicable to make them, itis desirable to have some guide to which the efficiency of control can be related For each substance a figure of concentration in atmosphere is given. If thisconcentration is exceeded, further action is necessary to achieve satisfactoryworking conditions (MoL, 1960) Authors emphasis pg 12 http//www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/oel.pdfThe following control measures should be lend oneself to reduce exposure levels to (as low as reasonable practicable ) ALARP3.1 1. EliminationThe best way to control a hazard is to eliminate it and remove the danger. This can be done by changing a work process in a way that will get rid of a hazard substituting a non-toxic chemical for a toxic substance having workers perform tasks at ground level rather than working at heights.2. SubstitutionThe second best way to control a hazard is to substitute something else in its place that would be non-hazardous or less hazardous to workers. For example, a non-toxic (or less toxic) chemical could be substituted for a hazardous one.Isolation and enclosure of the process can be achieved by the use of physical barriers, or by relocation of processes and/or facilities.Local exhaust ventilation system (LEV is achieved by trapping the contaminant close to its source, and removing it directly by purpose built ventilation prior to its entry into the respiration zone of the operator or the atmosphere.LEV have four parts Hood, Ductin g, Air purifying device eg charcoal filtrs to prevent further pollution and Fans to move air through the system.The efficiency of LEV is affected by draughts capture hood design and dimensions, air velocityachieved and distance of capture point from source.General or Dilution Ventilation uses natural air movement through open doors or assisted ventilation by roof fans, or blowers to dilute the contaminant. It should only be considered ifThere is a small quantity of contaminant.The contaminant is produced uniformly in the area.The contaminant material is of low toxicity.Housekeeping lessens the likelihood of accidental contact with a contaminant. It includes measures to presage and handle spillages and leaks of materials, and minimize quantities in open use.Reduced exposure time to a contaminant may be appropriate, provided that the possible harmful effect of the window glass rate is taken into account, i.e high levels of exposure for short periods of time may be damaging.Training should emphasise the importance of using the control measures provided, and give an account statement of the nature of the hazard which may be present together with the precautions which individuals need to take.Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing may be used where it is possible to reduce the risk of injury sufficiently using the above control strategies. In that case suitable protective equipment must be used.http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcT8a2gMMIEgccZST4or753KegN5brXR6Kenuv4NRA9Y2UnB8qXwdesignconsiderationsfig7.gifsebastiandarkroom.comhttp//ts1.mm.bing.net/th?id=I.4506898942199372pid=15.1gloves give your workforce protection lab coat to protect your clothing condrenrails.comAccording to literature from Hawaii art photography 2006 handout, which deals with safe and healthful Dark room practices, states that the hazards of the Developer and the Fixer are skin and eye irritants. They can cause allergic reaction and allergic sensitivity, especially hazardous in the stock miscellany stage. The precautions given are To mix stock solutions wear goggles, gloves and respirator or dust mask. Use gloves when mixing working solutions. Avoid skin contact with powders and solution. Concentrate is highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Continued inhalation of working solution can cause severe sinusitis and bronchitis. http//www.hawaii.eduIn the literature from Photographic Processing Hazards by Michael McCann, Ph.D., C.I.H states that the Developer solutions and powders are often highly alkaline, and glacial acetic acid, used in making the stop bath, is also corrosive by skin contact, inhalation and ingestion.Developer powders are highly toxic by inhalation and moderately toxic by skin contact, due to the alkali and developers themselves. The developers may cause methemoglobinemia, an acute anaemia resulting from converting the iron of haemoglobin into a form that cannot transport oxygen. Fatalities and severe poisonings have resulted f rom ingestion of concentrated developer solutions. The precautions are to use liquid chemistry whenever possible, rather than mixing developing powders. Pregnant women, in particular, should not be exposed to small-grained developer. When mixing disintegrate developers, use a glove stripe (a cardboard box with glass or plexiglas top, and two holes in the sides for hands and arms), local exhaust ventilation, or wear a NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator. In any case, there should be dilution ventilation (e.g. window exhaust fan) if no local exhaust ventilation is provided. Wear gloves, goggles and protective apron when mixing concentrated photo chemicals. An eyewash fountain and emergency shower facilities should be available. Fixing baths contain sodium thiosulphate (hypo) as the fixing agent, and sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite as a preservative. Fixing baths also may also contain alum (potassium aluminium sulphate) as a hardener and boric acid as a buffer. www.trueart.in fo/photography.htmThe University of Florida literature on photographic materials safety issues and procedures outlines that the developer solutions and powders are often highly alkaline and are moderately to highly toxic. They are also sources of the most common health problems in photography skin disorders and allergies. Developers are skin and eye irritants and many are strong allergic sensitizers. Some common ingredients in developers are hydroquinone and sodium sulphite. Hydroquinone can cause de pigmentation and eye injury after five or more years of repeated exposure, it is also a mutagen. Sodium sulphite decomposes to produce sulphur dioxide (a toxic gas), when heated or allowed to stand for a long time in water or acid. Precautions are to ensure good ventilation of the darkroom. At least, 10 air changes per hour. Wear gloves and goggles. If a splash occurs, flush affected areas (15-20 minutes for eyes) immediately with water using an eyewash or safety shower. Solutions are should be covered when not in use to prevent evaporation or release of toxic vapours and gases. Fixer contains sodium thiosulphate, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite. It may also contain potassium aluminium sulphate as a hardener and boric acid as a buffer. Fixer solutions slowly release sulphur dioxide gas as they age. However, when these solutions are contaminated with acid from the stop bath, the gas sulphur dioxide is released at a more rapid rate. http//www.ehs.ufl.eduThe use of Personal Protective Equipment is of great importance to the three institutions. The researchers found in their findings and agreed that the Developer and Fixer that is used in the photography lab are highly toxic and are skin and eye irritants. They all emphasize goggles and gloves, eye wash fountains and emergency showers. Michael McCann include the use of an apron while mixing chemicals. Michael McCann and the University of Florida go in-depth into the various chemical compositions and the danger they pose. There was a slight variation on the type of ventilation system which should be installed however, the important factor here is that one should be place. He also added information on mixing powdered developers in a glove box. Precautions given are to wear goggles, gloves and respirator or dust mask.According to Kodak guidelines on the safe handling of processing chemicals, all chemicals have MSDS. MSDSs are provided for customers for all photographic processing chemicals which are clearly adumbrate Photographic processing facilities are required by OSHA to have MSDSs for all hazardous chemicals.MSDSs provide detailed information about each product. Information included in MSDSs is outlined in the following categories chemical and manufacturer identification composition/ingredients hazard identification first-aid measures fire-fighting measures accidental release measures handling and stockThe University of Florida outlines memory board handling and general housekeeping which is documented in the updated MSDS on all chemicals used in the developing of film. These sheets must be kept in a binder and be available at all times. Keep the darkroom and other work areas uncluttered and eliminate trip hazards by not storing items on the floor. unshakable and dry areas should be clearly separated. Liquid chemicals are to be stored off the floor, by compatibility and below shoulder height. Do not eat, smoke or insobriety in the storage room, darkroom or studio. The darkroom should be well ventilated with 10 to 20 air changes per hour. Using a pre-made liquid developer is safer than mixing powdered developers. If powdered chemicals must be mixed, do so in a fume hood or glove box. All darkrooms should have eyewash stations that bind to the water supply and use hands-free operation. Pregnant women, in particular, should not be exposed to powdered developer. Store concentrated acids and other corrosive chemicals on low shelves so as to reduce the chance of f ace or eye damage in case of breakage and splashing.Kodak literature on photo chemicals safety, storage and general housekeeping alerts DO NOT store chemicals where you handle or store food. DO NOT eat, drink, or smoke in chemical-handling areas. Always wash your hands thoroughly after handling chemicals, especially before eating or drinking. Store corrosive materials away from any materials with which they may react, and away from other incompatible materials. See the stability and reactivity section on the MSDS for more information.The researcher found that The University of Florida notes that pregnant women, in particular, should not be exposed to powdered developers. Michael McCann also noted this hazard of the developer in his findi

Evian bottled water brand in the US market

Evian bottled piss brand in the US food market1. Case overviewAlthough it has achieved large(p) success in other part of the world, the Danone and its Evian bottled water brand are facing significant pressure while handling the U.S. market. After the smoke giants hundred and Pepsi set up their testify bottled water brands, Dasani and Aquafina, Danone is the number four in the U.S. market with alone a 3.5% market share in 2001. Danone is facing twain main problems when dealing with the U.S. market. Firstly, the U.S. customers do non accept the premium on the Evian brand, they care less almost the type of the bottled water and prefer cheaper water same(p) Aquafina or Dasani. Then, the distribute system in U.S. market is quite different from that in Europe. To carry out a schema for its further business in the U.S., Danone made the first agreements in April 2002 with one of its most powerful opponents Coca-Cola to let Coke take charge of the Evian brand in North America. C oca-Cola for loll around answer Danone within the distribution and market performance, and will get incentives in return of the annual sales growth of Evian bottled water. The second agreement carried in June 2002 is mainly about the two companies announced a vocalise venture. Danone will contributes license for use several value brands and payoff facilities, while Coca-Cola pays cash for ownership interest and proffer management. Coca-Cola needs to help achieve a guaranteed profit level however, the penalty is not clear.The alliance of the two companies provokes debates about whether it is a way to improve sales condition or it is a sign of Danones unofficial quit from the U.S. bottled water market. What is the right decision for Danone remains to be proved.2. Why Evians market share in the U.S. kept falling after the cola giants start their bottled water brands in the late 1980s?The Japanese strategist Kenichi Ohmae developed the 3Cs Model indicated three main players that a re necessary for successful business strategy the corporation, the customer, and the competitors. (Kenichi Ohmae, 1982)When mention the competitors, Coke and Pepsi who sell purified water that avoid extra handling and transport costs, enjoy a good deal lower cost than Evian does. Meanwhile, their distribution systems are well developed thanks to their successful operating on other beverage such as cola. The response is that they can have their cheaper products on more shelves quickly. What is more, as Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Nestl are all well-known companies throughout the America, not only their products quality are guaranteed, but as well as their bottled water brands do not need too untold promotion.For the customer part, in the European market where Danone has achieved great success, the customers understand the differences between glacier-sources water and purified water or tap water. They are willing to pay the premium charge to purchase the consistent quality and taste of bottled water. But the U.S. customers seem to ignore the classifications of bottled water, and they are extreme price-sensitivity, their first choice is often the cheapest water on the store shelves.Obviously, the Danone Corporation itself has done quite few when facing the hard situation. The troupe was not well prepared for the entry of cola giants at the beginning. The former achievement within other part of the world especially in Europe makes the company blind worship its Danone business equation and refused to change its business strategy to fit the U.S. market. Also, Danone did not introduce its innovative products which are very popular in the European market, and few marketing activities such as advertises are mentioned to introduced to encourage the U.S. market accept the glacier premium.3. Positive and negative sides of Danones strategy of running business on its own in the U.S. market.Generally speaking, one advantage of going it alone strategy is it will help abide byi ng the companys national, historical and family pride. The following will canvass the pros and cons of two parts of this remaining one single business entity strategy respectively.The first part is to admit that the Evian brand is not a U.S. market draw but a niche product which is a high-end premium bottled water with the label of health. As the U.S. bottled water market determines the market leader by price and logistics, Evian has to make full use of its nature of unique pristine qualities to provide higher-margin product for specialized customers who understand and appreciate the price premium of bottled water which has ruin resource and quality. Such customer can be created by purposeful marketing and advertising. Though the group size of these customers might be not so big, the sale profit can be guaranteed by the higher sale price. Clearly, segmentation will help the company focus its strategy but the nurture of broad-brand equity might be inhibited.The second part is abo ut to place its locally-sourced spring water compete against the Big Three of the U.S. bottled water market in the mid-market which has high sale volume and is price-driven. This plan sounds a good way for Danone to get the lost market share back in the U.S. The defect of this strategy is that large sum of investment need to be paid for acquiring the production facilities and distribution systems, the cost-recovery, however, would take a very long-time. Since the result of compete against Nestl and cola giants in the U.S. market are not so lucidity or even optimistic, this plan is unsuitable for Danone. Besides, manage large number of new employees for production and distribution would be another problem for the company.4. The effect of Danone give up the whole U.S. bottled water market.The impact of keeping Evian brand only as a niche player in the U.S. market has been cited before as only a smaller group of specialized customers will be considered as target, and Evian will be rede fined as a high-end premium bottled water in the market.There are many other ramifications of Danones getting out of the U.S. market.Firstly, since there is no advertise of loss in the American market, it keeps earning money for the company though not as much as other market does, abandon the U.S. market meat the company will lose the market share and profit from the market.Secondly, the company has to deal with assets and employees that will no longer working for the corporation. Since there are only a few potential buyers for these assets, powerful buyers can minimize their cost of purchase. Thus the company may suffer a sizeable loss on that.Thirdly, leaving the U.S. market might be a negative signal to other markets and its stakeholders that the company is unable to handle such a profitable market. The strike result may reflect on its share price which will experience a significant fall. What is more, the exiting strategy will blemish the value and grace of God of both Evian brand and the Danone Group and it is not good news for the companys business in other market.Finally, once exit, the re-enter to the market will be much tougher. While remain in the market helps keep the long-term opportunities for the company, it is really difficult for any external company to find a chance to get in and earn money.5. Comment on the joint ventures with Coca-Cola.Clearly, the joint ventures with the cola giant have many advantages. To be specific, since the Danones strategy and market method cannot foregather the needs of the U.S. market, shifting the marketing and distribution control to a company that has more success experience is sensible. With the help of Coke with the marketing and delivery, Danones products can gestate a sizeable increase in sell. Besides, as Coca-Cola take charge of those Danones business in the America, the saved resources including marketing and managing expenses and human resources can be raise into other markets which are more likely to gain success. In addition, the Evians brand image of high-end will be maintained according to the marketing strategy of the joint ventures. In other words, to remain the corporation and its products in the U.S. market with the sale volume growth guarantee provided by Coke is a safe gamey for Danone.However, there are some unreasonable factors within the joint ventures. First, as is mentioned in the case, no punishment of Cokes unable to achieve the sale promise is unclear, what if the Danone products keep losing market share? Second, as Coca-Cola gets 51% of the ownership, Danones suggestions might be so weak while making important decisions. Besides, there seems to be an overlap between Cokes bottled water Dasani and Danones Danone brand spring water, so it is doubtful the cola giant is willing to accomplish the sale growth of its joint ventures partners at the expense of its own products.In sum, the cooperation with Coca-Cola is the most ideal way for Danone when handling the U.S. market, but the result might not so ideal because of those internal and external (i.e. economic and market changes) uncertainties.BibliographyOhmae, K. (1982). The mind of the strategist the art of Japanese business. New York McGraw-Hill.Kotabe, M Helsen, K. (2008). Global marketing management. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons, Inc.

The Old Barn Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples, Observation

The Old Barn   Having a special place is wish having an invisible friend. It means the world to you, but nothing to the guy next door. It is not so often I get an opportunity to sit drop and really see what is out there. I am able to sit in my special area in total peace and quiet for as long as I choose to do so. Anyone with noisy roommates knows barely what I am talking rough. Peace and quiet with kids in the house is extremely limited and you will usually do anything to be able to enjoy the silence. Having a place of my own is very special. It allows me to do the vast amounts of activities that I am not able to do in normal everyday life such as reading, thinking, and just being alone.   I always go to a special barn when I want time to myself. No one ever knows I am out there and wouldnt even think about coming there to look for me because it is so dirty and old. The barn is quite a good distance international from the house. Making it even more unavowed and emp ty. I tidy sumt hear or see any of my relatives from the window in the ban, which is an extra bonus for me. As I look at my barn I can tall it is very old and very run down. it hardly gets used and is full of old tractors.   Relatives, now, that says a lot right there. Yes, I drop them too. Those really nice relatives that tease me all the time because they still feel like I am just a little brat because I am so much younger then them. Those uncles that still talk to me like I just popped out of my mothers stomach. This is always and will always be a great reason for me to leave any area where anyone related to me happens to be. If you are in my shoes you are stuck in the middle of all of your relatives. one-half of them are five or more years older then... ...communication between me and any other humans. This is my time, I do not have to live by the statement you are on my time now, because this is my time and only my time. I can act as I please , think as I please, and be who I please. For this one single moment in time when I am in my special place I can go by my own rules. It is almost like for once you are your own boss and you live in your own little world, ruling just yourself.   These are the reasons why I need my special place. Without a place to go I would probably have an ulcer. I believe that everyone needs a place to go to get away from it all. It is an opportunity to explore a new and unique world all of my own. I can enjoy activities that I once got to enjoy when I was a kid, I can think through all the problems in my head, and most of all, I can get away from those people who give me the ulcer.